End-to-end visualization of a person's experience across touchpoints — digital, physical, emotional. Reveals pain points, gaps, and opportunities invisible in data alone.

Maps the full service system: frontstage actions, backstage operations, support processes. The instrument of record for how a service actually functions.

Identifies every actor in a system — users, providers, policymakers, communities — and plots their interests, power, and relationships.

Visual mapping of feedback loops, dependencies, and leverage points within complex sociotechnical systems. Borrowed from systems thinking; applied to design problems.

Structured sessions that bring affected communities into the design process as co-authors, not subjects. Produces solutions with legitimacy built in.

Low-fidelity first, always. Paper, service walkthroughs, Wizard of Oz experiments. The goal is learning, not presentation. Test early, kill bad ideas cheaply.

Translating design research into formats legible to policymakers. Structured argument, clear recommendations, visual communication of evidence.

Defining measurable outcomes before a project ends — not after. Connects design decisions to real-world indicators: access, equity, adoption, trust.